在雅思閱讀中容易出現(xiàn)的問題就是對于長難句的理解，句子看不懂那就與高分無緣，所以攻破長難句可以說是做好閱讀必備的技能，今天我們就來看一看該如何去分析長難句。
首先是長難句一般分為以下幾種：
并列句
句子包含兩個或更多互不依從的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，就是并列句，常見的并列連詞有and, or 和but 。
倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)及其他
在英語當(dāng)中，主語和謂語有兩種順序：一種和中文一致，即主語在前; 另外一種順序是謂語在主語前面，即倒裝。
閱讀中一般會出現(xiàn)以not only 等否定連詞和never, seldom rarely, hardly 等否定副詞引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。
理解倒裝句，就要把它轉(zhuǎn)換成普通語句，把倒裝語序還原為自然語序，在自然語序下理解句子。
eg ：In a dispute, not only do the interests of one party not coincide with those of the other party, but they are in conflict.
eg ：An alien civilisation could choose many different ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy.
各種從句
從句不能單獨成句，但它也有主語部分和謂語部分，可以分為：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。前面四類通稱名詞性從句，而定語從句功能相當(dāng)于形容詞，故稱為形容詞性從句; 狀語從句功能相當(dāng)于副詞，則稱為副詞性從句。
eg ：Second, we make a very conservative assumption that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from us we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it
后置定語修飾成分多
eg ：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “l(fā)eader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.
加復(fù)雜修飾的簡單句
eg ：At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids.
插入語結(jié)構(gòu)
插入語一般是對句子的某個成分的解釋或補(bǔ)充說明，前后有逗號與其他句子成分分開，比較容易識別。
eg ：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering , on the advice of the World Health Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control for school rooms.
下面我們一起來分析下再遇到長難句應(yīng)該怎么分析：
01.句子層次的思考
用括號匹配的方法變成若干簡單句：平時練習(xí)的時候有意識的把可以識別出來的修飾和從句用括號擴(kuò)起來。
對于每一個簡單句來說，任何一個簡單句可以變成基本句型和非主干成分。
02.倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)及其它
在英語當(dāng)中，主語和謂語有兩種順序：一種和漢語一致，即主語在前;
另外一種順序是謂語在主語前面，即倒裝。
閱讀中一般會出現(xiàn)以not等否定連詞和never, seldom rarely, hardly等否定副詞引導(dǎo)的倒裝句。
理解倒裝句，就要把它轉(zhuǎn)換成普通語句，把倒裝語序還原為自然語序，在自然語序下理解句子。
例：In a dispute, not 分析：該句中，not引導(dǎo)了倒裝句，把其中的句子換成正常語序就是：the interests of one party do not coincide with those of the other party.
0 3.插入語結(jié)構(gòu)
插入語一般是對句子的某個成分的解釋或補(bǔ)充說明，前后有逗號與其他句子成分分開，比較容易識別。
處理插入語的基本辦法是先略去不讀，直接跳過兩個逗號之間的內(nèi)容，使插入語結(jié)構(gòu)前后意思順暢。
例：The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering control for school rooms.
分析：這句話的主語很長The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering ，謂語是has established ，
賓語是an international working party ，on the advice of… 是插入語，which 引導(dǎo)非性定語從句修飾an international working party 。
04.后置定語修飾成分多
例：A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “l(fā)eader” in a situation in which the subjects might feel a personal distaste for the actions they were called upon to perform.
這個句子看上起非常復(fù)雜，但其實就是一個簡單的主謂賓加一個定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)。
主句為：Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects
…from all walks of life for their willingness to obey instructions given by a “l(fā)eader” in a situation… 只是對subjects 的一個后置修飾，其中出現(xiàn)了一些層層套嵌的后置修飾。后在situation 的后面又加了一個定語從句。
05.非主干成分
如果是定語，前置理解如果是同位語或插入語，除如果是狀語，隔離看主句
eg1：At various points in evolutionary history,enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids.
這句話的結(jié)構(gòu)是簡單的主謂賓：主語是individuals，謂語是 moved out，賓語是 the land, the most parched deserts。其中添加了一些狀語，一些修飾語，還有伴隨狀語等等，使整個句子看上去非常復(fù)雜。
并列句簡單的方法就是將句子從并列連詞處斷開，將并列句變成兩個或若干個相對短的句子，然后再用處理簡單句的方法——抓句子主干，來依次處理每個相對短的句子。
這個復(fù)合句可以從but處將句子分成兩個相對較短的句子：but前面是一個簡單句;but后面的句子有一個由while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句。
例3：Second, we make a very conservative assumption （that we are looking for a life form） （that is pretty well like us）, since if it differs radically from us （we may well not recognize it as a life form）, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it.
分析：這句話的主干是we make a very conservative assumption that…that…since if…whether…
一個That引導(dǎo)的從句作assumption的同位語，第二個that引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a life form，since引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，if引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。
其實不管長難句是什么類型我們只要把握“先主干，再從句，后修飾成分”順序來拆分句子，牢牢抓住主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，即可明白閱讀長難句。
